Er war der Sohn Dankrats und der Ute. The destruction of Attila's kingdom itself is likely inspired by Attila's sudden death following his wedding in 453, which was popularly blamed on his wife, a Germanic woman named Hildico. ... Gunther manages to succeed in these trials, but only with the assistance of Siegfrid hidden behind a cloak of invisibility. [63], With 36 manuscripts, the Nibelungenlied appears to have been one of the most popular works of the German Middle Ages and seems to have found a very broad audience. Dit verslag is op 14 februari 2003 gepubliceerd op Scholieren.com en gemaakt door een scholier (5e klas vwo) [80] The epic nevertheless had its supporters, such as August Wilhelm Schlegel, who called it a "great tragedy" ("große Tragödie") in a series of lectures from 1802/3. mit lóbelíchen éren || unz án ir éndes zít. Als Gibicho stirbt, kündigt Gunther sofort das Abkommen mit den Hunnen und stellt die Zahlungen ein. Im Reich der Burgunden, in Worms am Rhein, herrschen die Brüder Gunther, Gernot und Giselher. Diese Seite wurde zuletzt am 23. The epic, and presumably the oral traditions that provided its material, have transformed historical events into relatively simple narrative schemas that can be compared with other, similar (originally) oral narratives from other cultures. Die folgenden acht Beispiele im Nibelungenlied werden zeigen, dass Gunther vor den physischen, sittlichen und rechtlichen Anforderungen, die an ihn gestellt werden, zurückweicht. Twenty-four manuscripts are in various fragmentary states of completion, including one version in Dutch (manuscript 'T'). [12] This anonymity extends to discussions of literature in other Middle High German works: although it is common practice to judge or praise the poems of others, no other poet refers to the author of the Nibelungenlied. The differences may be because the continental saga is more favorable to Attila than the Norse, and so Attila could not be held directly responsible for the treacherous invitation of the Burgundians. [5] Eleven of these manuscripts are essentially complete. Parallels to the German poem from Scandinavia are found especially in the heroic lays of the Poetic Edda and in the Völsunga saga. Kriemhild is a princess of the kingdom of Burgundy, whose family rules from Worms beside the Rhine. The group of Burgundians, Gunther and Gunther's new wife-to-be Brünhild return to Worms, where a grand reception awaits them and they marry to much fanfare. Gunther als Beteiligter und Nutznießer des Betruges läßt Siegfried einen Eid zur Bestätigung seiner Unschuld schwören und damit ist das Problem für ihn aus der Welt geschafft. Earlier (and many later) attestations of Kriemhild outside of the Nibelungenlied portray her as obsessed with power and highlight her treachery to her brothers rather than her love for her husband as her motivation for betraying them. Jump to navigation Jump to search. Es liegen heute 34 Handschriften des Nibelungenlieds aus dem 13. bis 16. Many stanzas of the poem are constructed in a much less regular manner. Er war der Sohn Dankrats und der Ute. Gunther ist in der deutschen Ausprägung der Nibelungensage ein germanischer König. Ehemann von Kriemhild. The Nibelungenlied, or Song of the Nibelungs, is regarded as the national epic of Germany.That is both correct and incorrect. Siegfried gives the ring and belt to his own newly wed, Kriemhild, in Chapter 10. The second part deals with Kriemhild's marriage to Etzel, her plans for revenge, the journey of the Burgundians to the court of Etzel, and their last stand in Etzel's hall (Chapters 20–39). The The Nibelungenlied quotes below are all either spoken by Kriemhild or refer to Kriemhild. Der Verfasser des Liedes ist unbekannt. The division of the epic into âventiuren ("books", literally "adventures") underlines the disconnect between the various episodes. [44], The Nibelungen saga also seems to have had an early reception in Scandinavia,[45] so that parallel stories are found among the heroic lays of the Poetic Edda (written down in 1270, but containing at least some much older material) and in the Völsunga saga (second half of the thirteenth century). De IJssel bij Werth. Das Nibelungenlied besteht ausd zwei Teilen, die in etwa den gleichen Umfang haben. This interpretation of the epic continued during the Biedermeier period, during which the heroic elements of the poem were mostly ignored in favor of those that could more easily be integrated into a bourgeois understanding of German virtue. Das Nibelungenlied ist das wichtigste Heldenepos aus der mittelhochdeutschen Epoche. Er ritt so nahe heran, dass er sie und sie ihn sehen konnten. Er sah, dass sich zwei Könige über die Aufteilung eines Schatzes stritten. [30], The language of the Nibelungenlied is characterized by its formulaic nature, a feature of oral poetry: this means that similar or identical words, epithets, phrases, even lines can be found in various positions throughout the poem. [53] The name Siegfried itself is a relatively recent one, only being attested from the seventh century onward, meaning that the original name may have been equivalent to the Old Norse Sigurd. Note: all page numbers and … NIBELUNGENLIED ADVENTURE VII How Gunther Won Brunhild. [34] It is likely that the Nibelungenlied cites an oral story-telling tradition in using singable stanzas; however, the longer final line is generally thought to belong to a more refined artistic milieu, as later heroic epics typically use a stanza without this longer final line (the so-called "Hildebrandston"). Das in mittelhochdeutscher Sprache verfasste Nibelungenlied ist das bedeutendste deutsche Heldenepos des Mittelalters. Wesentliche Elemente der Siegfried-Gestalt sind übermenschliche Kräfte, die Tötung eines Drachens, mit der in einigen Sagenversionen die Gewinnung eines großen Schatzes verbunden ist (hauptsächlich in nordischen; aber z. He is the son of King Dancrat and Queen Ute and rules together with his royal brothers Giselher and Gernot, and his sister is named Kriemhild. Brünhilds Auftreten in Island 3. Chapter 1 The Nibelungenlied opens with an exhortation to the reader to expect a tale of brave knights and furious battles. The tragedy unfolds as Kriemhild comes before Hagen, reproaching him for her husband Siegfried's death, and demands that he return her Nibelungenschatz. Das Nibelungenlied ist ein mittelalterliches Heldenepos. The Nibelungenlied is written in four-line stanzas. Er hatte zwei Brüder, Gernot und Giselher und eine Schwester, die Kriemhilde. Genauere Ortskenntnis des Verfassers, ein Übergewicht der frühen Überlieferung im südostdeutsch-österreichischen Raum und die augenfällige Hervorhebung des Bischofs von Passau als handelnde Figur machen das Gebiet zwisch… [19], The Nibelungenlied is conventionally dated to around 1200: Wolfram von Eschenbach references the cook Rumolt, usually taken as an invention of the Nibelungenlied-poet, in his Parzival (c. 1204/5), giving a date by which the epic must have been composed. Following the founding of the German Empire, recipients began to focus more on the heroic aspects of the poem, with the figure of Siegfried in particular becoming an identifying figure for German nationalism. Kriemhild will bis zu ihrem Tod "schön", also jungfräulich, bleiben … The The Nibelungenlied quotes below are all either spoken by Rüdiger or refer to Rüdiger . Upon his arrival, Hagen von Tronje, one of King Gunther's vassals, tells Gunther about Siegfried's youthful exploits that involved winning a treasure and lands from a pair of brothers, Nibelung and Schilbung, whom Siegfried had killed when he was unable to divide the treasure between them and, almost incidentally, the killing of a dragon. The Nibelungenlied Community Note includes chapter-by-chapter summary and analysis, character list, theme list, historical context, author biography and quizzes written by community members like you. ... Gunther), Kriemhild (Schwester von Gunther), Recken, Volk She later invites her brother and his court to visit Etzel's kingdom intending to kill Hagen. Kriemhild offers her brothers their lives if they hand over Hagen, but they refuse. Meanwhile their bark had come so near the castle that the king saw many a comely maiden standing at the casements. Her mother interprets this to mean that Kriemhild's future husband will die a violent death, and Kriemhild consequently resolves to remain unmarried. At the same time, the poem continues to play a role in regional culture and history, particularly in Worms and other places mentioned in the Nibelungenlied. Just a few years before the Nibelungenlied was finally written, they reached out for Sicily, ... Gunther's deception and betrayal, Hagen's cruelty, Kriemhild's thirst for revenge. http://de.metapedia.org/m/index.php?title=Gunther_(Nibelungensage)&oldid=1099073. [6] The oldest version seems to be the one preserved in manuscript "B". The poem in its various written forms was lost by the end of the 16th century, but manuscripts from as early as the 13th century were re-discovered during the 18th century. In addition to gold and precious stones, the treasure also included the famous sword Balmung. [70], As the first Middle High German heroic poem to be written, the Nibelungenlied can be said to have founded an entire genre of Middle High German literature. In anderen Versionen des Nibelungen-Stoffes, wie der Völsungasaga, trägt die Figur den Namen Gudrun. [62] The poet still uses images from this traditional picture, but given the new motivation of the poem's Kriemhild, their meaning has changed. In wèrklekhèèd howwe de Bourgondiërs d'r krèèg verlaore. Although Hagen had never before seen him, he knew immediately who the foreign knight was. In the first aventiure (chapter), their sister Kriemhilt has a terrible nightmare about the killing of her future husband, the hero Siegfried, son of the Netherlandish king Sigemunt. On his way to Worms, he kills a dragon and finds a treasure, the Hort. Er ist Herr über das Schwert Nibelung und er besass einen Tarnumhang, der ihn unsichtbar machte, sobald er ihn trug. The Old Norse Thidrekssaga, which is based on German sources, contains only the second element, meaning that the two motivations were likely variants that were hardly ever combined in practice. The poem's concentration on love (minne) and its depiction of Siegfried as engaging in love service for Kriemhild is in line with courtly romances of the time, with Heinrich von Veldeke's Eneasroman perhaps providing concrete models. Jan-Dirk Müller notes that while it would be typical of a medieval poet to incorporate lines from other works in his own, no stanza of the Nibelungenlied can be proven to have come from an older poem. Die Schwester der Burgundenkönige, Kriemhild, ist als Sinnbild für vollkommene und reine Schönheit bekannt. an epic poem written in Middle High German and based on the legends of Siegfried and Teutonic kings [39] This style of narration also causes the events within the poem to come to a frequent halt, which can last for years within the time portrayed in the poem. Kriemhild becomes aware of Hagen's deed when, in Hagen's presence, the corpse of Siegfried bleeds from the wound (cruentation). Dit verslag is op 4 mei 2014 gepubliceerd op Scholieren.com en … One such story is that of Gunther and Brunhild’s wedding night, where Siegfried subdues Brunhild’s. However, the majority of popular adaptations of the material today in film, computer games, comic books, etc., are not based on the medieval epic directly. These facts, combined with the dating, have led scholars to believe that Wolfger von Erla, bishop of Passau (reigned 1191–1204) was the patron of the poem. [15][16] The latter work identifies a "meister Konrad" as the author of an original Latin version of the Nibelungenlied, but this is generally taken for a fiction. [72] Many of the following heroic epics appear to respond to aspects of the Nibelungenlied: the Kudrun (c. 1250), for instance, has been described as a reply to the Nibelungenlied that reverses the heroic tragedy of the previous poem. The Burgundians arrive at Etzel's castle and are welcomed by Kriemhild "with lying smiles and graces." "Unless you tell me the truth about Siegfried, I shall remain a virgin," she threatened. The battle lasts all day, until the queen orders the hall to be burned with the Burgundians inside. Gunther – eine schwache oder starke Figur der Nibelungensage? Siegfried and Kriemhild are also then married with Gunther's blessings. The Nibelungenlied Community Note includes chapter-by-chapter summary and analysis, character list, theme list, historical context, author biography and quizzes written by community members like you. Dubbed the "German Iliad", the Nibelungenlied began a new life as the German national epic. The epic nevertheless maintains the causal and narrative connection between episodes through the commentary of the narrator, who frequently reminds the poem's audience of the coming catastrophe, while the manner in which the epic is told serves to delay the inevitable disaster. These courtly elements are described by Jan-Dirk Müller as something of a façade, under which the older heroic ethos of the poem remains. [67], The areas of medieval interest seem in particular to have been the inescapability of the slaughter at the end of the poem and Kriemhild and Hagen's culpability or innocence. [86], The interwar period saw the Nibelungenlied enter the world of cinema in Fritz Lang's two part film Die Nibelungen (1924/1925), which tells the entire story of the poem. Online Medieval and Classical Library Release #31. Im Waltharius wird er als goldgierig und feiger Herrscher der Franken gezeichnet, im Nibelungenlied und der Nibelungenklage als mächtiger und gefürchteter Herrscher über das Königreich Burgund, welches er zusammen mit seinen beiden Brüdern Gernot und Giselher regiert, sowie Mitschuldiger am Tode Siegfrieds von Xanten. Kudrun herself is sometimes seen as a direct reversal of Kriemhild, as she makes peace among warring factions rather than driving them to their deaths. The good king Gunther thought to win him one of … It shares similar storylines with the Volsunga Saga and the Thidrekssaga. Bodmer attempted to make the Nibelungenlied conform more closely to these principles in his own reworkings of the poem, leaving off the first part in his edition, titled Chriemhilden Rache, in order to imitate the in medias res technique of Homer. Her name, containing the element hild, may have inspired that of Kriemhild. From Wikisource. Anonymous. Gunther acquits Siegfried of the charges. Im Waltharius wird er als goldgierig und feiger Herrscher der Franken gezeichnet, im Nibelungenlied und der Nibelungenklage als mächtiger und gefürchteter Herrscher über das Königreich Burgund, welches er zusammen mit seinen beiden Brüdern Gernot und Giselher regiert, sowie Mitschuldiger am Tode Siegfrieds von Xanten. Under the pretext of this threat of war, Hagen persuades Kriemhild, who still trusts Hagen, to mark Siegfried's single vulnerable point on his clothing with a cross under the premise of protecting him. Bodmer dubbed the Nibelungenlied the "German Iliad" ("deutsche Ilias"), a comparison that skewed the reception of the poem by comparing it to the poetics of classical epic. Die Forschung stellt ihn meist zu Unrecht als einen schwachen Herrscher im Schatten seines Gefolgsmann… [25] In the First World War, the alliance between Germany and Austria-Hungary came to be described as possessing Nibelungen-Treue (Nibelungen loyalty), referring to the loyalty to death between Hagen and the Burgundians. The Nibelungenlied (Middle High German: Der Nibelunge liet or Der Nibelunge nôt), translated as The Song of the Nibelungs, is an epic poem written around 1200 in Middle High German. [69] The Rosengarten zu Worms, on the other hand, demonizes Kriemhild thoroughly, while the late-medieval Lied vom Hürnen Seyfrid takes her side even more strongly. Die Handschrift eines unbekannten Autors entstand zwischen 1180 und 1210 im Donauraum, als Entstehungsort wird das Gebiet zwischen Passau und Wien angenommen. All of the Burgundians are killed except for Hagen and Gunther, who are bound and held prisoner by Dietrich of Bern. The manuscripts' sources deviate considerably from one another. 't Nibelungenlied vertèlt uvver Bourgondische helde en wie bekaans alle sjtrijders 't laeve laote. [33] Victor Millet prints the poem's sixth stanza as an example of the metrical form. Da Gibichos Sohn Gunther noch ein Säugling war, wurde stattdessen der bereits größere Hagen genommen. Siegfried, with his immense strength, invisibly leads Gunther through the trials. "I do not know his purpose here, but we must treat him with respect. Severely angered, Kriemhild shows Brünhild first the ring and then the belt that Siegfried took from Brünhild on her wedding night, and then calls her Siegfried's kebse (mistress or concubine). The poem was forgotten after around 1500, but was rediscovered in 1755. Jahrhunderts und wird im donauländischen Raum angesiedelt. Tot een moedig ridder opgegroeid, trekt Siegfried in den aanvang van het Nibelungenlied met vierhonderd makkers naar Worms, waar de drie Bourgondische koningen Gunther, Gernot en Giselker, regeren. [71] The majority of these epics revolve around the hero Dietrich von Bern, who plays a secondary role in the Nibelungenlied: it is likely that his presence there inspired these new poems. In a fifteenth-century manuscript, he is said to strike Kriemhild a single clean blow to the waist; she feels no pain, however, and declares that his sword is useless. Nach heutiger Einschätzung könnte ein literarisch hochgebildeter Kleriker am Passauer Bischofshof der Verfasser des Epos gewesen sein. [88] The material of the Nibelungen saga has continued to inspire new adaptations. Dietrich and Etzel and all the people of the court lament the deaths of so many heroes. Siegfried von Xanten gehört zu den bekanntesten Sagengestalten des Mittelalters und spielt eine zentrale Rolle im ersten Teil des Nibelungenliedes aus dem 13. Siegfried self-sacrifically says to Gunther, “If you are looking for friends I shall assuredly be one among them, and I trust I shall acquit myself honourably till the end of my days” (page 35). Siegfried slips into the room according to plan and after a difficult and violent struggle, an invisible Siegfried defeats Brünhild. Es entstand Ende des 12.,Anfang des 13. Als alle Platz nehmen, sieht Brunhild Kriemhild an Siegfrieds Seite und beginnt zu weinen. The Nibelungenlied is based on an oral tradition that has some of its origin in historic events and individuals of the 5th and 6th centuries and that spread throughout almost all of Germanic-speaking Europe. Having been earlier deceived about the relationship between Siegfried and Gunther, Brünhild thinks it is obvious that she should go first, in right of her (self-perceived) superior rank. In Chapter 5, Siegfried finally meets Kriemhild. Old Hildebrand, the mentor of Dietrich of Bern, is infuriated by the shameful deaths of the Burgundian guests. The famous opening of the Nibelungenlied is actually thought to be an addition by the editor of the "C" version of the Nibelungenlied, as it does not appear in the oldest manuscripts. His youth is narrated with little room for the adventures later attributed to him. Siegfried ritt ohne Begleitung an einem Berg vorbei vor dem sich viele Männer versammelt hatten. [54] Scholars such as Otto Höfler have speculated that Siegfried and his slaying of the dragon may be a mythologized reflection of Arminius and his defeat of the Roman legions in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in 9 AD. Gunther ist in der deutschen Ausprägung der Nibelungensage ein germanischer König. Jahrhundert. Through his fair arts he had strength enow to bear King Gunther with him as he sprang. Siegfried does this and marries Kriemhild; however Brünhild and Kriemhild become rivals, leading eventually to Siegfried's murder by the Burgundian vassal Hagen with Gunther's involvement. Parallels to the German poem from Scandinavia are found especially in the heroic lays of the Poetic Edda and in the Völsunga saga. Enge Vertraute am Königshof sind unter anderem Hagen von Tronje und sein Bruder Dankwart. The Lex Burgundionum, codified by the Burgundian king Gundobad at the end of the sixth century, contains many names that can be connected with the Nibelungen saga, including, besides Gundaharius, Gislaharius (Giselher), Gundomaris (possibly the historical figure behind the Old Norse Gothorm, who is replaced by Gernot in the German tradition), and Gibica (attested in Germany as Gibich but not found in the Nibelungenlied). The lines rhyme in pairs, and occasionally there are internal rhymes between the words at the end of the caesura, as in the first stanza (see #Synopsis). Kl. The second chapter tells of the background of Siegfried, crown prince of Xanten. The Nibelungenlied-poet may have been inspired by this lyrical stanza. An example is the beginning of the fighting in Etzel's hall, which is motivated both by 1) an attack on the Burgundians' supplies; 2) Hagen's killing of prince Ortlieb. She is famously beautiful and charming, desired by many knights, though it transpires that she is also calculating, with a long memory for wrongs and a bottomless capacity for revenge. But because Brunhild is cursing Kriemhild, she tells her what really happened. Often, the same reaction is given to multiple figures in different stanzas, so that the impression of collective rather than individual reactions is created. Years later, Brünhild, still feeling as if she had been deceived, goads Gunther into inviting Siegfried and Kriemhild to their kingdom. [58] Victor Millet concludes that the poet deliberately doubles the motivations or occurrences of various events, including Siegfried's wooing of Kriemhild, the deception of Brünhild, Hagen's humiliation of Kriemhild, and Kriemhild's demand for the return of Nibelungen treasure. Wagner's preference for the Old Norse versions followed a popular judgment of the time period: the Nordic versions were seen as being more "original" than the courtly story portrayed in the German poem. Siegfried agrees, though only if Gunther allows him to marry Gunther's sister, Kriemhild, whom Siegfried pines for. As the Burgundians cross the Danube, this fate is confirmed by Nixes, who predict that all but one monk will die. [46][56] In fact, the earliest attested work to connect Siegfried explicitly with the destruction of the Burgundians is the Nibelungenlied itself, though Old Norse parallels make it clear that this tradition must have existed orally for some time. Disappointed, he nonetheless remains in Worms and helps Gunther defeat the invading Saxons. Gunther becomes afraid that Brünhild may yet be planning to kill them, so Siegfried goes to Nibelungenland and single-handedly conquers the kingdom. Designated as A (today in Munich, Bayerische Staatsbiblitohek), B (today in St. Gallen, Stiftsbiblitohek) and C (today in Karlsruhe. As a result, other Middle High German heroic poems are sometimes described as "post-Nibelungian" ("nachnibelungisch"). [74], Reception of the Nibelungenlied ceases after the fifteenth century: the work is last copied in manuscript as part of the Ambraser Heldenbuch around 1508, and its last mention is by the Viennese historian Wolfgang Lazius in two works from 1554 and 1557 respectively. A modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality study guides that feature detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, quotes, and essay topics. Brünhilds Auftreten in Worms 4. Artist Gonzenbach, Carl Arnold . Die folgende Textprobe stammt aus der 5. [38] The epic frequently creates multiple motivations for events, some of which may contradict each other. [73] No Middle High German heroic epic after the Nibelungenlied maintains the tragic heroic atmosphere that characterized earlier Germanic heroic poetry, and the later poems are often further hybridized with elements of chivalric romance. … Das Nibelungenlied gilt als eines der bedeutendsten mittelhochdeutschen Heldengesänge. This perfidious murder is particularly dishonorable in medieval chivalry, as throwing a javelin is the manner in which one might slaughter a wild beast, not a knight. Gunther insisted that there were no secrets to reveal. [36] Stanzas often seem to have been placed after each other without necessarily being causally or narratively connected; for instance, two consecutive stanzas might portray two different reactions to an event by the same figure. Liet here means lay, tale or epic rather than simply song, as it would in Modern German. Königinnenstreit 5. Most significantly, the poet has suppressed the mythological or fantastical elements of Siegfried's story. The dwarf Alberich, keeper of the Nibelung treasure, attempted to avenge his f… At the same time, Hagen and his willingness to sacrifice himself and fight to the death made him into a central figure in the reception of the poem. In The Nibelungenlied, Gunther becomes stressed out when Liudegast and Liudeger threaten to invade his country. Old Norse parallels of the legend survive in the Völsunga saga, the Prose Edda, the Poetic Edda, the Legend of Norna-Gest, and the Þiðrekssaga. in díente vón ir lánden || vil stólziu ríterscáft Although no melody has survived for the text, melodies for similar stanzas in other German heroic poems have, so that it is certain that the text was meant to be sung. In spite of Hagen's threatening stories about his youth, the Burgundians welcome him, but do not allow him to meet the princess. She resisted his awkward advances with ease. But outside a tense feast in the great hall, a fight breaks out between Huns and Burgundians, and soon there is general mayhem. King Etzel then welcomes his wife's brothers warmly. Sagengeschichtlich beruht die Figur auf Ildikó, der Gattin des in der Hochzeitsnacht 453 gestorbenen Hunnenkönigs Attila. Siegfried, der Sohn des Königs von Niederland, liebt Kriemhild, die Königstochter von Burgund, die unter der Vormundschaft ihrer Brüder, der Könige Gunther… This page was last edited on 30 December 2020, at 18:11. Gunther Gunther (GEWN-tehr), king of Burgundy. As a consequence of the comparison of the Nibelungenlied to the Iliad, the Nibelungenlied came to be seen as the German national epic in the earlier nineteenth century, particularly in the context of the Napoleonic Wars. The culprit, however, blames all these acts on Kriemhild's own behavior. [4] There are thirty-seven known manuscripts of the Nibelungenlied and its variant versions. The Nibelungenlied recounts the history of the Burgundians, at that point ruled by King Gunther, alongside his two brothers, Gernot and Giselher, residing in the city of Worms on the Rhine River. The Nibelungenlied is based on an oral tradition that has some of its origin in historic events and individuals of the 5th and 6th centuries and that spread throughout almost all of Germanic-speaking Europe. [86] During the Second World War, Hermann Göring would explicitly use this aspect of the Nibelungenlied to celebrate the sacrifice of the German army at Stalingrad and compare the Soviets to Etzel's Asiatic Huns. (X,0635f.). Even after seeing Gunther's head, Hagen refuses to tell the queen what he has done with the Nibelungen treasure. In the second part, the widow Kriemhild is married to Etzel, king of the Huns. He hews Kriemhild to pieces with his sword. The Nibelungenlied, like other Middle High German heroic epics, is anonymous. The C version of the Nibelungenlied, redacted around the same time as the Klage, shows a similar strategy. Sein skandinavisches Gegenstück ist Gunnar, welcher am Hofe Atlis den Tod in der Schlangengrube findet. Additionally, the poem's rhyming technique most closely resembles that used between 1190 and 1205. Especially important for this new understanding of the poem was Richard Wagner's operatic cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen, which, however, was based almost entirely on the Old Norse versions of the Nibelung saga. Wolfger was, moreover, attempting to establish the sainthood of Pilgrim at the time of the poem's composition, giving an additional reason for his prominence.
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