Die Häftlinge mussten vom Konzentrationslager Gusen II entweder zu Fuß unter Misshandlungen mehrere Kilometer marschieren, oder wurden in offenen Waggons mit dem Zug zu ihrem Arbeitsort in der Anlage Bergkristall gebracht. On 1 May the inmates were rushed on a death march towards Sankt Georgen, but were ordered to return to the camp after several hours. The inmates of Mauthausen, Gusen I, and Gusen II had access to a separate part of the camp for the sick – the so-called Krankenlager. [3][34] In late 1944, roughly 11,000 of the Gusen I and II inmates were working in underground facilities. In 1944, a large group of Hungarian and Dutch Jews, about 8,000 people altogether, was also transferred to the camp. Diese Seite wurde zuletzt am 12. [66] A large number of inmates were drowned in barrels of water at Gusen II. [81] The surviving parts of the death register of KZ Gusen list an additional 30,536 names. [69][70][note 7], The Nazis also performed pseudo-scientific experiments on the prisoners. Laut offiziellen Angaben wurden mindestens 71.000 Menschen aus ganz Europa in das KZ Gusen deportiert, etwa 36.000 überlebten nicht. in der Produktion der Flugzeugteile verrichten. Mit dem Namen Konzentrationslager Gusen werden drei unterschiedliche Häftlingslager in Oberösterreich östlich von Linz in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus zusammengefasst, die von der SS als Außenlager des KZ Mauthausen geführt wurden. During his time working in the photography lab of the camp, he smuggled 3,000 negatives out of the camp and later used this photographic evidence to testify at the Nuremberg trials. [citation needed]. After that, between 1946 and 1947, the camps were unguarded and many furnishings and facilities of the camp were dismantled, both by the Red Army and by the local population. The following day, the guards of Mauthausen were replaced with unarmed Volkssturm soldiers and an improvised unit formed of elderly police officers and fire fighters evacuated from Vienna. The political function of the camp continued in parallel with its economic role. 60 000 bis über 70 000 Häftlinge aus ganz Europa in das Lagersystem Gusen eingewiesen worden, die Hälf… Along with the female prisoners came some female guards; twenty are known to have served in the Mauthausen camp, and sixty in the whole camp complex. The rock quarry in Mauthausen was at the base of the "Stairs of Death". War. In 1969 the files were given to the International Red Cross International Tracing Service. Several Norwegian Waffen SS volunteers worked as guards or as instructors for prisoners from Nordic countries, according to senior researcher Terje Emberland at the Center for Studies of Holocaust and Religious Minorities. Da Gutachten akute Einsturzgefahren sahen, wurden ab 2002 Sicherungsmaßnahmen getroffen. [6] Diese Rundgänge finden jeweils in den Tagen vor der Befreiungsfeier in der Gedenkstätte Mauthausen und im Herbst um den Nationalfeiertag statt. Diese Gebäude wurden in den Jahrzehnten nach der Befreiung auf dem Gebiet über der Stollenanlage errichtet. [83] Various historians place the total death toll in the four main camps of Mauthausen, Gusen I, Gusen II and Gusen III at between 55,000[41] and 60,000. These numbers reflected the increasing use of Polish, Czech, Russian, and Balkan teenagers as slave labour as the war continued. Der Lageraufbau begann im Dezember 1939 und das Konzentrationslager wurde am 5. [59][60][61] The inmates suffered not only from malnutrition, overcrowded huts and constant abuse and beatings by the guards and kapos,[36] but also from exceptionally hard labour. The Soviet prisoners of war were a major part of the first groups to be gassed in the newly built gas chamber in early 1942. [66][67] Inmates were also simply beaten to death, as in the case of Viennese Jew Adolf Fruchthändler. Altogether, 45 larger companies took part in making KZ Mauthausen-Gusen one of the most profitable concentration camps of Nazi Germany, with more than 11,000,000 Reichsmark of the profits in 1944 alone (EUR 144 million as of 2014). Here, parts of a factory infrastructure were converted into the third Gusen camp. The available Mauthausen inmate statistics[57] from the spring of 1943, shows that there were 2,400 prisoners below the age of 20, which was 12.8% of the 18,655 population. In the beginning, an improvised mobile gas chamber – a van with the exhaust pipe connected to the inside – shuttled between Mauthausen and Gusen. Mai 1945 wurden die Arbeiten im Stollen Bergkristall eingestellt und wichtige Dokumente in den Öfen des Stollens vernichtet. Eventually, more women and children came to Mauthausen from Ravensbrück, Bergen-Belsen, Gross-Rosen, and Buchenwald. Among them were: allied-bombed towns, and Kleinlager (small camps) where the inmates were working specifically for the SS. Mauthausen was a Nazi concentration camp on a hill above the market town of Mauthausen (roughly 20 kilometres (12 mi) east of Linz), Upper Austria.It was the main camp of a group with nearly 100 further subcamps located throughout Austria and southern Germany. Coordinates: 48°15′32″N 14°30′04″E / 48.25889°N 14.50111°E / 48.25889; 14.50111 [50] Most were then accommodated in the camps or in the newly established tent camp (German: Zeltlager) just outside the Mauthausen subcamp, where roughly 2,000 people were forced into tents intended for not more than 800 inmates, and then starved to death. [66], After the war one of the survivors, Dr. Antoni Gościński, reported 62 ways of murdering people in the camps of Gusen I and Mauthausen. Between 1940 and 1942, the average survival period of KZ Gusen inmates was only 6 months. The operation was repeated the following day, but called off soon afterwards. The first transports from Auschwitz arrived in February 1942. Im Zuge dieser Luftangriffe auf deutsche Flugzeugfabriken wurden diese dezentralisiert, d. h. in kleine verteilte Fertigungsstandorte aufgeteilt. [98] By 6 May all the remaining subcamps of Mauthausen, with the exception of the two camps in the Loibl Pass, were also liberated by American forces. [78][79] Parts of the death register of Gusen I camp were secured by the Polish inmates, who took it to Australia after the war. [2] A visitor centre was inaugurated in 2003, designed by the architects Herwig Mayer, Christoph Schwarz, and Karl Peyrer-Heimstätt, covering an area of 2,845 square metres (30,620 sq ft). [citation needed], Among the inmates liberated from the camp was Lieutenant Jack Taylor, an officer of the Office of Strategic Services. First release by ORF radio channel Ö1 in series "Journal Panorama", July 21, 1997. August angegriffen, sodass es dort zu einem kompletten Produktionsstopp kam. The inmates unable to cope with the hard labour and malnutrition were exterminated in large numbers to free space for newly arrived evacuation transports from other camps, including most of the subcamps of Mauthausen located in eastern Austria. Starting with the camp at Mauthausen, the number of subcamps expanded over time and by the summer of 1940 Mauthausen and its subcamps had become one of the largest labour camp complexes in the German-controlled part of Europe. Add the softened butter and 200ml/7fl oz of the milk and stir together. [52] On Himmler's order of June 1941, a brothel was opened in the Mauthausen and Gusen I camps in 1942. The so-called kapos, or prisoners who had been recruited by their captors to police their fellow prisoners, were given more food and higher pay in the form of concentration camp coupons which could be exchanged for cigarettes in the canteen, as well as a separate room inside most barracks. The new camp (later named Gusen I) became operational in May 1940. Mai 2016, Vorlage:Webachiv/IABot/www.mauthausen-memorial.org, http://www.gusen.org/de/2015/12/new-interpretive-plaques-for-bergkristall-tunnels/, Probebohrungen in eine radioaktive NS-Vergangenheit, Schatten der Vergangenheit kommen ans Tageslicht, NS-Stollen: Licht auf die dunkle Seite des Bergkristalls. [77] After the war, the archives of the main chancellery was brought by one of the survivors to Poland, then passed to the Auschwitz-Birkenau Museum in Oświęcim. There were also 23 Romani children, 20 so-called "anti-social elements", six Spaniards, and three Jehovah's Witnesses. Eine Expertenkommission bestehend aus Historikern, Archäologen und anderen Experten unter dem Vorsitz der Bezirkshauptmannschaft Perg kam schließlich in einem Expertenbericht zu dem Ergebnis, dass der Stollen Bergkristall nicht größer ist als bisher angenommen. According to Daniel Patrick Brown, Hildegard Lächert also served at Mauthausen.[56]. Heute sind noch ca. [73] Paradoxically, with the growth of forced labour industry in various subcamps of Mauthausen, the situation of some of the prisoners improved significantly. The number of imprisoned children increased 6.2 times, whereas the total number of adult prisoners during the same period multiplied by a factor of only four. Im Zuge dessen wurde auch einer der Hauptproduzenten der deutschen Jagdflugzeuge, die Messerschmitt GmbH in Regensburg, am 17. As a result, many exhausted prisoners collapsed in front of the other prisoners in the line, and then fell on top of the other prisoners, creating a domino effect; the first prisoner falling onto the next, and so on, all the way down the stairs. To accommodate the ever-growing number of slave workers, additional subcamps (German: Außenlager) of Mauthausen were built. [citation needed], Over time, Auschwitz had to almost stop accepting new prisoners and most were directed to Mauthausen instead. [97] His troop disarmed the policemen and left the camp. [104] Bruno Kreisky, the Chancellor of Austria, officially opened the Mauthausen Museum on 3 May 1975, 30 years after the camp's liberation. [21], Like nearby Mauthausen, the Gusen camps also rented inmates out to various local businesses as slave labour. The prisoners transferred to the "Hospital Subcamp" received one piece of bread per 20 inmates and roughly half a litre of weed soup a day. The second transport in June of that year was much larger and numbered some 1,200 prisoners. [32] They dug roughly 50,000 square metres (540,000 sq ft) so the Messerschmitt company could build an assembly plant to produce the Messerschmitt Me 262 and V-2 rockets. Erste Untersuchungen bestätigten die Annahme nicht. [18], 48.26938055555614.444022222222Koordinaten: 48° 16′ 9,8″ N, 14° 26′ 38,5″ O, Reichsministerium für Rüstung und Kriegsproduktion, Bewusstseinsregion Mauthausen-Gusen-St. Georgen, Decknamen nationalsozialistischer Geheimobjekte, Eröffnungsfeier für das "Haus der Erinnerung", 25. [citation needed]. Über 8.600 Häftlinge starben beim Bau der Stollen bzw. Franz Ziereis assumed control as commandant of the Mauthausen concentration camp from 1939 until the camp was liberated by the American forces in 1945. Many of these are only now learning the horrific truth about their pasts. Schuschkowitsch Luka Jakowlewitsch / Luka Jakowlewitsch Schuschkowitsch 1896 - 1945 Edit. Außerdem gäbe es keine Beweise für andere bisher unbekannte Aktivitäten wie ein Atom- oder Raketenforschungszentrum. During the first days after the liberation, the camp's main chancellery was seized by the members of a Polish inmate resistance organization; they secured it against the wishes of other inmates who wanted to burn it. [68] Another method of extermination were icy showers – some 3,000 inmates died of hypothermia after having been forced to take an icy cold shower and then left outside in cold weather. Unsere Redaktion besteht aus investigativen Journalisten, die Hinweise aufgreifen, genauer hinsehen und über Wochen und … KZ Gusen II was founded officially on 9 March 1944 to provide prisoner labor for construction of the B8 BERGKRISTALL-ESCHE 2 Underground Plant in nearby St.Georgen/Gusen. Ein Teil der Jagdflugzeugproduktion wurde dabei auch in das KZ Gusen verlagert. [99][100] He had managed to survive with the help of several prisoners and was later a key witness at the Mauthausen-Gusen camp trials carried out by the Dachau International Military Tribunal. Similar groups were sent from Auschwitz to Gusen and Mauthausen in April and November 1943, and then in January and February 1944. In reality the actual production never reached such levels. [6], Anfang der 2000er-Jahre kam es zu Auseinandersetzungen, wer der Eigentümer des Stollens sei. Arrival with Public Transport Shuttle There will be a Shuttle-Service between the Event-Locations and from/to Public transport stops. [96] The remnants of several German divisions indeed assaulted the Mauthausen subcamp, but were repelled by the prisoners who took over the camp. Jest protest", "Protest against Devastation of the Concentration Camp Site", "La vida del fotógrafo que sufrió el horror nazi se convierte en película", "KZ Gusen I Concentration Camp at Langenstein", "Mauthausen Concentration Camp Records in the Auschwitz Museum Archives", "The prices of Polish armament before 1939", "On the Quantitative Dimension of Mass Murder at the Mauthausen Concentration Camp and its Subcamps", "Nazi war criminal escapes Costa Brava police search", "The gas chamber of Mauthausen – History and testimonies of the Italian deportees; A Brief history of the camp", "The Mauthausen Concentration Camp Complex: World War II and Postwar Records", National Archives and Records Administration, "Pracownicy muzeum Auschwitz zeskanowali już kartotekę Mauthausen", "Taborišče, v katerem je umrlo 1500 Slovencev", "Jack Taylor, American Agent Who Survived Mauthausen", "Gusen Concentration Camp / Project B-8 "Bergkristall" Tunnel System", "Selected Holocaust Glossary: Terms, Places and Personalities", "Seven Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a U.S. Dollar Amount, 1774 to present", "Norske vakter jobbet i Hitlers konsentrasjonsleire", Interviews with American servicemen imprisoned at Mauthausen, Remnants of KZ Gusen I Twin Camp declared "Monument of the Month" in January 2017, Online exhibition of the Polish History Museum on the former KZ Gusen complex, SS Main Economic and Administrative Office, List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust, Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mauthausen_concentration_camp&oldid=1003435735, Buildings and structures in Upper Austria, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020, Articles with Polish-language sources (pl), Articles with German-language sources (de), Articles with Czech-language sources (cs), Articles with Slovene-language sources (sl), Articles with Spanish-language sources (es), Articles with Norwegian-language sources (no), Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Original death register for the subcamp of Gusen held by the, Death register prepared by the SS chief medic of the Mauthausen main chancellery for the subcamps of Gusen (similar records for the Mauthausen subcamp itself were destroyed), This page was last edited on 28 January 2021, at 23:58. Das legten nun bekanntgewordene Dokumente aus deutschen und US-amerikanischen Archiven – und vor allem Luftaufnahmen der US-Luftwaffe – nahe, so Historiker Stefan Karner. Mauthausen concentration camp (known from the summer of 1940 as Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp) grew to become a large group of Nazi concentration camps that were built around the villages of Mauthausen and Gusen in Upper Austria, roughly 20 km east of the city of Linz. Der IKRK-Delegierte Louis Häfliger soll dies verhindert haben und damit tausende Menschen gerettet haben. Most of the prisoners at the subcamps of Mauthausen had been kept in a number of different detention sites before they arrived. B8 Bergkristall war die Tarnbezeichnung für ein ab Jahresbeginn 1944 in St. Georgen an der Gusen, östlich von Linz, in Österreich unter strengster Geheimhaltung durch den SS-Führungsstab B8 eingerichtetes unterirdisches Flugzeugwerk für die Großserienproduktion von Düsenjagdflugzeugen des Typs Messerschmitt Me 262. The SS guards would often force prisoners – exhausted from hours of hard labour without sufficient food and water – to race up the stairs carrying blocks of stone. Translations in context of "KZ" in German-English from Reverso Context: Trotzdem wurde er noch am gleichen Tag in das KZ Buchenwald deportiert. Das KZ-System Gusen sei bereits gut erforscht, unter allen vorliegenden wissenschaftlichen Quellen gebe es keine Beweise für weitere Stollen. Finally, after Adolf Eichmann visited Mauthausen in May of that year, Mauthausen received the first group of roughly 8,000 Hungarian Jews from Auschwitz; the first group to be evacuated from that camp before the Soviet advance. The reason for their imprisonment was their rejection of giving the loyalty oath to Hitler and their refusal to participate in any kind of military service. [1] The rise in the number of subcamps could not catch up with the rising number of inmates, which led to overcrowding of the huts in Mauthausen and its subcamps. Radio feature "Leben über den Nazi-Stollen - Gusen im Umgang mit seiner Vergangenheit" by Cornelia Krebs. Die Bundesimmobiliengesellschaft (BIG) wurde schließlich 2001 Eigentümerin der Anlage. Most of them were former Republican soldiers or activists who had fled to France after Franco's victory and then were captured by German forces after the defeat of France in 1940 or handed over to the Germans by the Vichy authorities. In October 1941, several huts were separated from the Gusen subcamp by barbed wire and turned into a separate Prisoner of War Labour Camp (German: Kriegsgefangenenarbeitslager). The leading SS-command staff of KZ Gusen camp (Kommandantur-Stab) comprised some 60 higher-ranking SS-men. Dort mussten die Häftlinge in Zwölf- respektive Acht-Stunden-Schichten ohne ausreichende Nahrung schwere Arbeit beim Bau der Anlage bzw. From late 1940 to 1944, the number of inmates per bed rose from two to four.[1]. Also, several thousands were killed in mobile gas chambers, without any mention of the exact number of victims in the remaining files. [15] Die ORF-Reportage „Am Schauplatz“ widmete 45 Minuten Sendezeit rund um die neuerlichen Ereignisse. sfn error: no target: CITEREFHaunschmied,_Mills,_Witzany-Durda_(2008) (, pseudo-scientific experiments on the prisoners, Center for Studies of Holocaust and Religious Minorities, "Nazi secret weapons site claims refuted", https://www.jstor.org/stable/24648890?seq=1, "Mauthausen information summary at Yad vaShem", "Medal of Honor Recipients – Korean War: TIBOR RUBIN", United States Army Center of Military History, https://www.mauthausen-memorial.org/en/History/History-of-the-Memorial/History-of-the-Mauthausen-Memorial, "Miejsce kaźni Polaków dewastowane. Their treatment depended largely on the category assigned to each inmate, as well as their nationality and rank within the system. Gusen II contained about 12,000 to 17,000 inmates, who were deprived of even the most basic facilities. [44] Camp Gusen II was called by Germans Vernichtungslager für die polnische Intelligenz ("Extermination camp for the Polish intelligentsia"). For most of its history, this exceeded the number of prisoners at the Mauthausen main camp itself. [6] In the offices of the Reich Main Security Office (Reichssicherheitshauptamt; RSHA) it was referred to by the nickname Knochenmühle – the bone-grinder (literally bone-mill).[6]. [citation needed], Many of those who survived the journey died before they could be registered, whilst others were given the camp numbers of prisoners who had already been killed. [47], Throughout the years of World War II, the Mauthausen and its subcamps received new prisoners in smaller transports daily, mostly from other concentration camps in German-occupied Europe. [citation needed], After the Nazi invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941 and the outbreak of the partisan resistance in summer of the same year, many people suspected of aiding the Yugoslav resistance were sent to the Mauthausen camp, mostly from areas under direct German occupation, namely northern Slovenia and Serbia. [103], Following the capitulation of Germany, Mauthausen fell within the Soviet sector of occupation of Austria. [71][72] Ramsauer also declared mentally sick some 2,000 prisoners who applied to be transferred to a sanatorium, and murdered them with injections of phenol in the course of the H-13 action. Only this members of the staff were allowed to enter the general-command building and the KZ Gusen camp. [62] It is estimated that the average energy content of food rations dropped from about 1,750 calories (7,300 kJ) a day during the 1940–1942 period, to between 1,150 and 1,460 calories (4,800 and 6,100 kJ) a day during the next period. He attempted to create an International Prisoner Committee that would become a provisional governing body of the camp until it was liberated by one of the approaching armies, but he was openly accused of co-operation with the SS and the plan failed. Für Bergkristall übernahm sein Büro auch die Bauleitung selbst. [13] Das Bundesdenkmalamt kündigte weitere wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen an. Dobosiewicz – who made the most extensive study – compared various factors: his estimations were based on the number of prisoners to arrive in a year as compared to the number of that were murdered during a year. Die Flugzeugteile wurden dann mit dem Zug weiter zur Endmontage und zum Einfliegen transportiert. … [note 2] On 8 May 1939 it was converted to a labour camp which was mainly used for the incarceration of political prisoners. By the time of its liberation, most of the SS-men of Mauthausen had already fled; around 30 who remained were killed by the prisoners,[98] and a similar number were killed in Gusen II. When inmates became totally exhausted after having worked in the quarries for 12 hours a day, or if they were too ill or too weak to work, they were transferred to the Revier ("Krankenrevier", sick barrack) or other places for extermination. [5] In den Jahrzehnten nach der Befreiung wurden von einer lokalen Firma Champignons in der Stollenanlage gezüchtet und Sand abgebaut. , leaving 240,000 killed. Prisoners were forced to carry roughly-hewn blocks of stone – often weighing as much as 50 kilograms (110 lb) – up the 186 stairs, one prisoner behind the other. [12] Im Dezember 2014 wurde ein vermeintlich bislang unbekannter Teil der Anlage entdeckt, weitere Grabungen wurden behördlich gestoppt. US-Truppen erreichten am 7. In 1945 the energy content was even lower and did not exceed 600 to 1,000 calories (2,500 to 4,200 kJ) a day – less than a third of the energy needed by an average worker in heavy industry. Diese Informationstafeln wurden von der Republik Polen finanziert.[8]. [76], The surviving camp archives include personal files of 37,411 murdered prisoners, including 22,092 Poles, 5,024 Spaniards, 2,843 Soviet prisoners of war and 7,452 inmates of 24 other nationalities. [16], The three Gusen concentration camps held a significant proportion of prisoners within the Mauthausen-Gusen complex. Method. Almost all the female Overseers who served in Mauthausen were recruited from Austrian cities and towns between September and November 1944. Established in 1940 as a camp for POWs, it claimed the lives of tens of thousands of mostly Soviet soldiers, in addition to thousands of Jews, Gypsies (Sinti and Roma), homosexuals and ‘political enemies’.In 1943, a section of the camp was reserved for Jewish inmates. bei der Rüstungsproduktion. Ende 2013 gab die BIG eine Probebohrung in Auftrag, die Aufschluss über geheime unterirdische Atomversuche während der NS-Zeit geben sollte. [64], Such brutality was not accidental. Bergen-Belsen. According to Martin Gilbert, there were 30,000 deaths in Mauthausen and its subcamps in the first four months of 1945. Heim was dubbed "Doctor Death" by the inmates; he was in Gusen for seven weeks, which was enough to carry out his experiments. The conditions within the camp were considered exceptionally hard to bear, even by concentration camp standards. Der Stollen befand sich in unmittelbarer Nähe zum Ortszentrum St. Georgen. [1] The reduced rations led to the starvation of thousands of inmates. Much like all the other large groups of prisoners that were transferred to Mauthausen and its subcamps, most of them either died as a result of the hard labour and poor conditions, or were deliberately killed. The three Es gebe viele Indizien, die darauf hinweisen, dass es neben dem „Bergkristall“ noch weitere Anlagen gegeben habe. This file contains additional information such as Exif metadata which may have been added by the digital camera, scanner, or software program used to create or digitize it. [citation needed], At times the guards or Kapos would either deliberately throw the prisoners on the 380 volt electric barbed wire fence,[67] or force them outside the boundaries of the camp and then shoot them on the pretence that they were attempting to escape. In den fünf Jahren des Bestehens des Lagers sind ca. KL Gusen Aerial view of the Gusen I & II camps DEST started to purchase a lot of land at Gusen in May 1938 in order to establish a twin concentration camp at Mauthausen and Gusen from the beginning, although construction of Concentration Camp Gusen was not started until autumn 1939. [48] Among them was a large group of civilians arrested by the Germans after the failure of the Warsaw uprising,[49][23] but by the liberation not more than 500 of them were still alive. [22][23] This camp had many prisoners of war, mostly Soviet officers. [5][63] Thus the hospital camp – as it was called by the German authorities – was, in fact, a "hospital" only in name. The remaining prisoners were rushed to build a line of granite anti-tank obstacles to the east of Mauthausen. Wichtige in den Stollen noch vorhandene Bauteile und Geräte wurden von US-Soldaten abtransportiert, die übrigen Geräte von sowjetischen Soldaten, nachdem das Gebiet im Sommer 1945 unter die sowjetische Besatzungszone gefallen war. In nur wenigen Monaten wurde bis Ende November 1944 über 21.000 m2 Fertigungsfläche fertiggestellt, auf der parallel zum weiteren Ausbau des Stollens bereits mit der Produktion von Flugzeugteilen begonnen wurde. ShuttlePlan FDR2019 Group Taxi Aside […] Initially, the Soviet authorities used parts of the Mauthausen and Gusen I camps as barracks for the Red Army. By late March 1945, the number of juvenile prisoners in Mauthausen increased to 15,048, which was 19.1% of the 78,547 Mauthausen inmates. The subcamps were divided into several categories, depending on their main function: Produktionslager for factory workers, Baulager for construction, Aufräumlager for cleaning the rubble in Allied-bombed towns, and Kleinlager (small camps) where the inmates were working specifically for the SS. „Es gibt sogar die Vermutung, dass es ein unterirdisches KZ gegeben hat – etwas Unglaubliches. The largest of these groups arrived at Gusen in January 1941. Female guards also staffed the Mauthausen subcamps at Hirtenberg, Lenzing (the main women's subcamp in Austria), and Sankt Lambrecht. [95] However, after several hours in the tunnels all of the prisoners were allowed to return to the camp. [92][91] Ziereis' plan assumed rushing all the prisoners into the tunnels of the underground factories of Kellerbau and blowing up the entrances. [16], In early 1940, many Poles were transferred to the Mauthausen–Gusen complex. The numbers of inmates rose from 1,080 in late 1938 to over 3,000 a year later. Altogether, 45 larger companies took part in making Mauthausen and its subcamps one of the most profitable concentration camps of Nazi Germany, with more than 11,000,000 Reichsmark[note 3] in profits in 1944 alone (EUR 80.1 million in 2021).
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